Immunobiology of intestinal mucosa: from local immunity and microbiome to inflammation of joints
Authors:
Marko Banić, Sanda Mustapić, Biljana Knežević, Duško Kardum, Žarko Babić, Vesna Eraković Haber
Summary
Considering the evolution of vertebrates and their coevolution with self intestinal microbiome and environment, the important role of gut associated immune system becomes clear, especcially in the development of the body immune system and in fostering the defense of the orgnism as a whole. The concept of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in broader sense, represents the structure and function of innate and adaptive, humoral and cellular immunity in the intestinal mucosa, in processing luminal antigens. The concept includes the integrity of intestinal barrier, the mucus layer, intestinal epithelium and tight junctions, secretion of antimicrobial peptides, patterns of microbial and damage associated antigens recognition, the patterns of signal induction and transduction, mechanisms of humoral and cellular immunity, cytokine network and local cytokine millieu, the interaction of innate lymphoid cells with helper, cytotoxic
and regulatory T cells, interaction with stromal cells in intestinal lamina propria and metabolic and immunologic interaction with self microbiota, as well. The results of numerous studies have documented the etiopathogenetic association of gut and joint inflammation, with the interplay of inflammation of gut and joints, stating that genetic heritage, aberrant imunologic reaction and environmental factors – outer envoironment and inner enviroment represented by gut microbiome interact in the pathogenetic conundrum. It seems justified to say that there exists the association of aforementijoned rheumatologic diseases and intestinal inflammation, involving aberrant immune reaction and intestinal dysbiosis. Up to now, there is not enough evidence thatt this association have the character of causality. The results obtained by the use of artificial intelligence in processing the big dana could possibly identify phenotipically different cohorts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spodyloarthropathies, bringing up diagnostic and therapeutic
implications. Predominantly in the light of hypothesis that genetic background, immunologic reaction and gut dysbiosis differently contribute to disease occurence in different group of patients and in individual patient, as well. The principles of translational medicine in research, diagnostics and therapy of gut and joint inflammarion represent a significant step towards precise and personalized medicine.
Sažetak
Vol.: Reumatizam 2023;70(Supl 1/Suppl 1):1–18